01-1英语单词什么时候大写。
1.?英语句子中的第一个单词的首字母要大写。
my name is elaine.
nice to meet you .
2.?i永远要大写。
i am your friend.
he and i are good friends .
3.?姓名中，姓和名的首字母要大写。
tom cruise
romeo and juliet
4.?国家（的），城市和专有名词首字母要大写。
职务和尊称首字母要大写。
china
chinese
beijing
president obama奥巴马总统(职务）
mr.clinton ?克林克先生（尊称）
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01-2be动词基本用法
1.?be的意思是“是”。
2.?be最基本的有三种形式： am，is，are。
am：只用于第一人称单数i做主语时。
i am a teacher.
is:只用于第三人称单数he,she,it作主语时。
he is my friend.
she is my sister.
it is my dog.
are:用于第二人称单数以及所有人称的复数作主语时。
you are beautiful.
we are a family.
they are my friends.
3.?am经常在主语后缩写为’m，is经常在主语后缩写为‘s，are经常在主语后面缩写为”re。
i’m a teacher.
he’s my friend.
she’s my sister.
you’re beautiful.
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03-1一般疑问句
英语中陈述句变一般疑问句采用句式的变化。
最基本的含有be动词的句子把be提至句首，首字母大写句末加问号。
读时用声调。
回答时用yes or或no 。 ?
this is my handbag(手提包）。
is this your handbag？
yes，it is./no, it isn’t.
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03-2否定句
英语中否定句通过not来体现，not需要放在助动词之后。（目前学过的助动词只有be）
this is my umbrella(雨伞）.
this isn’t my umbrella.
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03-3选择疑问句
选择疑问句仅仅在一般疑问句的末尾加or…即可。
语调：前升后面降。
回答时不用yes或者no，而选择其中的一句话。
are you a doctor or a nurse?
i am a doctor.
i am not a nurse.
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03-4特殊疑问句
英语中特殊疑问句词引导的问句称为特殊疑问句。
读时用降调。
特殊疑问词(9个）有：
what,how, who,whom,whose,which,when,where ,why
（什么，怎么样，谁，谁，谁的，哪一个，什么时候，什么地点，为什么）
what引导的特殊疑问句
what 引导的特殊疑问句结构为：
what（+名词）+助动词+主语？
what’s you name ?
what’s your job?
what make is your car?(你的车是什么牌子的？）
陈述句变特殊疑问句三部曲
1.?根据意思确定特殊疑问词：
2.?特殊疑问词置于句首；
3.?把助动词提至主语前。
my car is a benz._____what make is your car?
my car is red . _____what colour is your car?
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03-5 how引导的特殊疑问句
how引导的特殊疑问句经常用于询问健康状况、生活、工作等。
结构为：how+助动词+主语？
how are you?
how is your work?
how is your wife?
how之后也可跟形容词，用于询问具体的多高，多长等。
how long is your hair？
helen is fine.
how is helen?
helen’s car is great .
how is helen’s car?
helen is 5 feet tall .
how tall is helen?
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03-6whose引导的特殊疑问句
whose引导的特殊疑问句用来问某物是谁的。
结构为：whose+名词+助动词+主语？
whose shirt is that？
whose book is that?
whose umbrella is this ?
还可以说：whose is that shirt?
回答时往往用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。
it’s tim’s shirt.
it’s his shirt.
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that is tim’s shirt.
whose shirt is that?
that shirt is tim’s.
whose is that shirt?
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03-7who引导的特殊疑问句
用来询问人的姓名或身份。
结构为who+助动词+主语？
they are my friends.
who are they?
注：特殊疑问词对主语进行提问时不倒装（即不需要把助动词提至主语前）
the girl is my friend.
who is your friend?
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03-8祈使句
祈使句省略主语you，所以动词原形开头，往往表示请求，命令，建议，叮嘱等。
open the door.
look!
sit down, please.
give me your hand.
put on you shirt.
take off your shoes.
turn on the tap.
turn on the tap.
turn off the stereo.
stand up !
shut up!
hurry up!
否定在句首加dont或者do not（语气更强）。
don’t do that.或者do not do that.
祈使句若有两个动词常用and连接。
come and see my new dress.
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03-9感叹句
英语中感叹句由what 和how引导。
what修饰名词；how修饰形容词和副词。
what+a/an（+形容词）+可数名词单数（+主+谓）！
what a beautiful girl she is !
what a handsome boy he is !
what a day!
感叹句结构2
what+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+（主+谓）！
what lovely children（they are）!
what terrible weather(it is)!
感叹句机构3
how+形容词/副词+（主语+谓语）！
how handsome(the boy is )!
how beautiful (the girl is)!
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04-1人称代词
人称 ??????????????主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
（第一人称）单数 ??i ???me ??my ??????????????mine ?????????myself
????????????复数 ??we ?us ???our ?????????????ours ??????????ourselves
（第二人称）单数 ??you you ???your ????????????yours ?????????yourself
????????????复数 ??you you ???your ????????????yours ?????????yourselves
（第三人称）单数 ??he him ????his ?????????????his ???????????himself
???????????????????she her ??her ??????????????hers ??????????herself
???????????????????it ?it ????its ??????????????its ????????????itself
复数 ??they them their ?????????????their ?????????themselves
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主语：作主语。
i love you.
you are so beautiful.
he is my brother.
she is a nice girl.
宾语：作宾语。
thank you.
do you love me?
would you help us?
i want to talk to him.
形容词性物主代词：作定语。
this is my book.
thank you for you help.
that man is her husband.
his phone is lost.
名词性物主代词：形容词性物主代词+名词。
your shoes are black,mine are yellow.
this is you book. it’s yours.
this is her handbag. it’s hers.
反身代词：当宾语和主语一致时，宾语用反身代词。
i love myself.
don’t hurt yourself.
enjoy ?yourself !
be yourself!
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04-2冠词a/an/the
a/an是不定冠词，只修饰可数名词单数。
the是定冠词，可修饰任何名词。
a/an用于第一次出现的人或者物前。
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区分a/an
1.?1.a/an称为不定冠词。意思为“一个”，只可放在可数名词单数前。
2.?2.用a还是an取决于后面单词的第一个英标：若是元音英标英标用an，辅音英标用a。
3.?this is a new car .
4.?this is an apple.
5.?a coat.
6.?a book.
7.?an umbrella.
8.?an english girl.
9.?定冠词the的用法
10.?1.用于特指的人或者物前。
11.?the watch is mine.
12.?用于重新提到的人或者物前。
13.?i have a dog.
14.?the dog is very cute .
15.?3.用于时间上独一无二的事物前。
the sun .
the earth.
the moon.
the great wall.
辅音前和元音前读是不一样的。
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04-3零冠词（即不用冠词的情况）
1.?三餐前
have breakfast/lunch/（supper/dinner晚餐）
2.?不可数名词泛指时。
i like music.
3.?复数名词泛指时。
horse are beautiful animals.
4.by+n.表示交通方式。
by bus/plane/ship.
5.名字前。
my name is elaine.
6.称呼前。
i’sm not feeling well ,doctor.
7.?语言前。
study english/chinese….
8.?bed,school,church等强调其功能时。
go to bad /school /church……
send sb . to school / bed …..
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04-4介词in/on at
英语中介词后需要跟名词或者代词作宾语。
每个介词有自己的意思，但是对一些固定搭配需要单独记忆。
1.on“在…….上”
2.in”在…里”
in+年/月/四季
大地点
the morning
the afternoon
the evening
3.at”在….”
at+时间点
小地点
noon
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04-5形容词和副词
英语中形容词一般置于名词前作定语或者在be之后作表语。
jenny is a nice girl.
we are good friends.
you are beautiful .
be careful.
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副词
英语中副词通常修饰动词，形容词，副词。
常见的形容词如very,so,enough等。
很多副词由于形容词末尾加-ly构成，如：careful-carefully，
simple-simply，slow-slowly等。
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04-6名词变复数
英文中名词分可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，指一个以上事物时用复数。
名词变复数规则：
1.?一般名词词尾加-s构成复数。
friend-friends
case-cases
handbag-handbags
2.?以-s，-x、-ch,-sh和部分o结尾的词词尾加-es。
dress-dresses
box-boxes
watch-watches
dish-dishes
tomato-tomatoes
potato-potatoes
3.?以辅音字母+y结尾的单词，把y变成i为再加-es。
baby-babies
city-cities
注意：以元音字母+y结尾的单词复数加-s。
boy-boys
key-keys
4.?以-f,-fe结尾的名词把-f,-fe变为v再加-es
wife-wives
wolf-wolves
5.?man,woman及以其结尾的名词把man变为men,woman变为women。
policeman-policeman
policewoman-policemen
6.?不规则名词复数需要单独记忆。
tooth-teeth
child-children
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04-7序数词
the first(1st)
the second(2nd)
the third(3rd)
the fourth(4th)
the fifth(5th)
the sixth(6th)
the seventh(7th)
the eighth(8th)
the ninth(9th)
the tenth(10th)
the eleventh(11th)
the twelfth(12th)
the fourteenth(14th)
the twentieth(20th)
the twenty first (21st)
the second(22nd)
the twenty third(23rd)
the one hundredth(100th)
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05-1时间表达法
英国表达方法:
1.整点：几点钟+（oclock）
ten o’clock
eight o’clock
2.?半点钟：half past+点钟
half past nine
3.?分钟不过半：
分钟+past+点钟
twenty past eight ?(8:20)
the past five (5:10)
a quarter past four (4:15)
4.分钟过半：
剩余分钟数+to+下一点钟
five to ten
twenty to eight
a quarter to eleven
美式简单表达方法：
小时+分钟
one twenty
one thirty
one fifty five
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06-1日期表达法
月/日/年
“月”用英文单词；“日”用序数词；“年”用阿拉伯数字。
2014年8月25号：august 25th,2014
2000年后读法2000加14
2000年前前两个数字一组，后两个数字一组。
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07-1have的用法
1.?have基本意思为“拥有”、“具有”，第三人称单数用has。
i have a sister and a brother.
he has a car .
表示这层含义时，其疑问句和否定句有两种形式：
1.?把have 作为一般动词，否定句和疑问句通过do，does来体现。（美）
do you have a brother?
i don’t have a brother.
does he have a car?
he doesn’t have a car.
2.?把have作为助动词，即提至主语前变为疑问句，之后加not变为否定句。（英）
have you a brother？
i havent a brother.
do you have any honey?
i don’t have any honey, but i have some jam .
2.have表示“患病”，用法完全同用法1.
jimmy has a bad cold.
does he have a bad cold?
has he a bad cold?
he doesn’t have a bad cold.
he hasn’t a bad cold.
3.?have 可以表示“吃、喝、玩、做”等常见的动作。
这时have为实义动词，否定句和疑问句需要借助动词do的某种形式。
have breakfast
have lunch
have dinner
have a good time
have a look
have a bath
have a walk
注：have表示“拥有”和“患病”时在一般现在时态里其后可加got，got无实际意义。
这时否定句和疑问句在have上发生变化。
ive got some time.
have you got any time?
i haven’t got any time.
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08-1时态
即时间和形态，不同时间所体现出来的形态不一样。英语中时态的不同靠动词来体现。
任何时态需掌握两条：结构和用法
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现在进行时态
结构：am/is/are+doing(动词现在分词)
i am doing…….
he/she/it is doing……
we/you/they are doing……
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am/is/are在此为助动词，没有实际意义，帮助动词doing一起谓语。
表示“是”时也称为系动词。
但不论作何种用途，主谓一致的规则不变。
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动词现在分词构成：
1.?一般动词在词尾加-ing。
read-reading
cook-cooking
climb-climbing
2.?以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing。
make-making
type-typing
come-coming ?
3.?重读闭音节结尾的动词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ing。
put-putting、begin-beginning
sharpen-sharpening
用法：
1.?表现现在正在做的事。
mom is cooking in the kitchen.
susan is reading a book.
i am watching tv.
they are cleaning the office.
my dog is running after a cat.
2.?表现现阶段正在做的事情。
i am studying english.
peter is running after susan.
否定句：在am\is\are之后加not，缩写nt。
he isn’t sleeping.
i am not watching tv.
疑问句：am/is/are提至主语前面，句末加问号。
are you reading a book？
what are you doing？
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09-1一般现在时态、09-2一般现在时
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用法：1.表现经常性习惯性的动作或者存在的状态。
i often get up early.
he is busy every day.
2.表现主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。
susan is tall.
i like swimming.
john works hard.
3.?表示客观真理。
there are seven days in a week.
the earth moves around the sun.
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结构：
1.?主语+系动词be（am/is/are）
注意：be之后不再有其他动词，常跟形容词，名词或介词短语作表语。
she is beautiful.
this is my dog.
mom is in the kitchen.
否定句：在be后面加not
疑问句：把be提至主语前。
this isn’t my dog.
2.?is this your dog?
二．主语+其他动词
1.?主语+动词原形
2.?适用于：主语为第三人称单数以外的其他人称时。
i love you.
i like coffee.
we get up at 7 in the morning.
john and tom like tea.
you look well.
否定句：主语+dont动词原形。
i don’t love you.
i don’t like coffee.
疑问句：在主语前加do，句末用问号。
do you love me？
一般疑问句的回答常用do的简略形式。
yes， i do.
no,i don’t.
do you take monica to be your wife?
i do .
切记：be动词与其他动词不能出现在同一句子中！
i am from china.
i come from china.
记口诀：
“英汉语言有差异，be/do不能放一起，仔细琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记。”
09-3一般现在时
2.主语+动词第三人称单数
适用于：
主语是第三人称单数时（he/she/it）
动词第三人称单数构成
1.?一般动词在词尾加-s。
like-likes
run-runs
live-lives
work-works
2.?以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，把y变成i再加-es。
cry-cries
fly-flies
study-studies
3.?以s\x\ch\sh\o结尾的动词，词尾加—es。
teach-teaches
wash-washes-fix-fixes
变化方法及读音规则类似名词变复数。
注意：名词两个以上时需要加-s,es;动词在一般现在时态里主语为第三人称单数时需要加-是、，-es。
linda likes music.
my brother likes grapes.
mr.bird likes steak.
否定句和疑问句类似第（1）种结构，只需要把do改成does。
注意：加上does之后，动词一定改回原形！！！
does linda like music?
linda doesn’t like music.
记口诀：“见助动，用原形”。
what does linda like?
where does lina live?
does mr.bird like steak?
yes,he does.
no,he 
doesn’t.
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09-4现在进行时与一般现在时
现在进行时态表示此刻正在进行的动作，常与now，at the moment，today等连用。
what is she doing at the moment?
she is drinking coffee at the moment.
what are they doing today?
一般现在时态表示目前一个时间段内过去、现在、将来都一样的动作或状态。常与时间频率副词usually，always，often，sometimes等连用。
what does she usually do in the morning?
she usually drinks tea in the morning?
what do they usually do in the afternoon .
they usually play in the garden in the afternoon.
10-1一般过去时用法
用法：1.表示过去某个特定时间点的状态或动作。
?i bought a dictionary yesterday.
he was a doctor a year ago.
2.表示过去末段时间的习惯，反复发生的动作。
when he was a child， he often wet the bed。
3.当谈到已故的人的时候。
lu xun was a great writer.
